Hamlet Essay – Themes

some(prenominal) text that is rich in technique and deals with universal concerns will be effective in communicating significant ideas to the responder regardless of the context of the au conk forthnce. Shakespe bes revenge tragedy play, crossroads, explores concerns such as morals and the difficulty of taking doing, especially when trustedty is impossible. His young protagonist, juncture, acts as an effective vehicle as he uses powerful language to explore his moral dilemmas.What distinguishes Hamlet from other revenge tragedy plays is the amount of action expected, especially from Hamlet himself as he continuously hesitates due to him trying to be absolute certain of his actions. Hamlet handles an extremely complicated dilemma which is a combination of feelings that does non allow him to be tranquil. 1 of the grounds is due to the mourning of his fathers death, which he already feels distraught about. The other reason for Hamlets problem is his mothers sudden remarriage of her brother-in-law, Claudius, whom here in this play he is presented as the villain.As Hamlet says, A little month, or ere those shoes were old a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer. Hamlet here is showing his disgust towards Gertrude, his mother, as she is remarrying only two months after her economises death. Furthermore Claudius is blood related to Hamlet hence deepening his anger, turning to madness. Hamlets hatred towards Gertrude is seen in Act 1 candidate 2 as Hamlet expressed in a prejudicious tone seems, madam Nay it is I know not seems. / This not alone my inky cloak, safe mother, Also Hamlets first soliloquy in the play shows his distress towards Claudius and Gertrudes marriage.His home(a) dilemma is explicitly shown when this ghost of Hamlets father appears in Act 1 scene 5 as he calls upon, Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. It is from this point forward that Hamlet struggles with the dilemma of whether or not to kill Claudius, and if so, when to do it. Doubts and uncertainty arises as the ghost disappears, as suggested when he says, Are you spirit of health or goblin damned? This uncertainty is crucial as this is the stem point of Hamlets internal struggle. My personal view of why Hamlet delays his action is because of the question, Is this morally correct. Hamlet is a thinker a philosopher, shown clearly by his use of words and language that contains duple meaning, Ay, madam it is common with the word common suggest literal meaning, it is common that all lives must die, and figuratively it is common to remarry straight after her husbands death. From this fact that Hamlet is a thinker, he questions himself and is astonied by the human structure, shown in one of his soliloquies he stated with exclamatory Oh what a piece of lay down is man The mystery of the afterlife is what prevents himself from killing himself. This is shown in his most famous soliloquy To be, or not to be. In other words, to die , or not do die. The unknown factors of the afterlife as puff up as the morality of it, is what caused the delay for killing Claudius. Hamlet retains its value and textual integrity because it explores universal concerns that liquid remain in todays society. Some of these concerns in todays society are the morality and hesitation of taking action is explicitly shown in two scenes from Hamlet Act 1 scene 2 and scene 5. The use of powerful language techniques such as soliloquies, metaphors and asides helps being out the message to the responder, hence having textual integrity.

To Kill a Mockingbird Questions Chapters 1-3

To Kill a Mockingbird Questions Chapters 1-3 1. Dill, Jem, Simon Finch, Atticus, John Hale Finch, Calpurnia, Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, Mr. Radley, Boo Radley, Mrs. Radley, Mr. Conner, Miss Stephanie Crawford, Nathan Radley, and Scout are introduced in the freshman chapter. 2. This book is set in the Great Depression (1929-1939). Harper Lee used the Scottsboro Case (1931) as the spark to write the trial sequences in the novel. 3. Scout narrates in the first person, telling what she saw and hear at the time and augmenting this narration with thoughts and assessments of her experiences in retrospect.Although she is by no means an omniscient narrator, she has matured well over the intervening years and often implicitly and humorously comments on the naivete she displayed in her thoughts and actions as a young girl. 4. In To Kill a Mockingbird the Finch family is well off compared to the rest of society. The father, Atticus, is a lawyer. 5. To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the fi ctional small Southern town of Maycomb in the 1930s. 6. Scout and Jems fathers name is Atticus and he is a lawyer with a distaste for criminal law, entirely he protects an innocent, black man. . The doors and shutters are always closed, the yard is unkempt, and one of the inhabitants of the house hasnt been seen in years. 8. The children think hes mad, violent, eats raw animals, walks around peoples yards at night, can kill plants by breathing on them, and is going to wipe out THEM ALL. 9. Miss Rachels nephew. Hes in Maycomb because he visits Miss Rachel every summer. Dill is also a friend and fiance of Scouts. Hes also Jems friend. 10. Scout goes to school for the first time. 11.The teacher be mothers annoyed with Scout because Scout al withdrawy knows how to read and write, and she tells the teacher about the Cunninghams, making her look like a fool. 12. Her father (Atticus) was a lawyer and would come home from work and read the paper. He used to read her stories and thats ho w she learned to read. 13. Scout gets in throw out of kilter by learning how to read, write, and by telling Miss Carolean about the Cunninghams financial situations. 14. Jean Louise Finch is Scouts substantive name. 15. No, because she doesnt respect their family clans (Cunninghams, Finches, Ewell, etc. , customs, and more traditional learning styles. 16. It shows that miss Caroline does not know a thing about her student and needs to get to know them better because poor scout thinks he is helping put miss Caroline and Walter but he gets spanked and punished because she does not know her students because she is a new teacher. 17. She got in trouble with her teacher for explaining on why Walter didnt take the money that Miss Caroline (the teacher) offered him. Scout wasnt someone who took embarrassment lightly 18.Jem invites Walter Cunningham over for dinner to try and resolve the situation. 19. It takes a ache time because Walter doesnt want to owe them, and he doesnt want to re ly on charity and spoil his honor. 20. She is affright at the things jumping out of Burris Ewells hair, which he calls cooties 21. Scout wants to quit school because her teacher told her she wouldnt be allowed to read or write for years. 22. He taught them to stand in the other persons shoes, look at their soul and not fox judgements based on race or social status.

Far from Heaven

Todd Haynes renders a delightful tho subtle touch to the theme of racism and heterosexuality in his 2002 award winning ikon, Far From Heaven. The movie is set at the backdrop of 1957, a period when racism and orthodox feelings were at its peek in the society. The plot revolves around Cathy Whitaker who is shown as a good wife, good m other(a) and a perfect homemaker.Her conserve Frank is an executive at Magnatech. The film starts with the scene when Cathy gets a call from the local police troll her husband who happens to be on the line. He says police mistook him for aboutone else and they argon not leaving him alone. In the sequence of scenes that follows, Frank begins to stay late at office and develops obsession with the other men era Cathy develops love with Raymond Deagan, who is their late gardeners son as well a shameful man.Meanwhile Franks relationship with Cathy gets strained, and he turns to alcohol. in short relationship between Cathy and Raymond leads to severe r elationship between him and his fille. Meanwhile Frank is not able to uppress his feelings as homosexual and falls in love with other man seeking divorce from Cathy. In the total film, we could see double tension perpetuating among the protagonists desires with each scene portraying interracial romances or one or the other issue of the homosexuality.The pool scene which appears almost near the end of the movie carries the themes of race and homosexuality more clearly and very closely entangled at heart the film and is beautifully fused within the unhurt structure of film. This scene takes place at Miami where Frank and Cathy go to rejuvenate their arried life. In the previous scene one has observed the stealthy look that passes between Frank and a handsome blond boy. In this pool scene, while Cathy is sitting just near the poolside, Frank has unspoiled finished some laps to catch his breath.While he is sitting on steps with his legs submerged in the waters, he notices that mem bers of the blond family are coming out and their son does not seem to be with them. Frank gets up, stretches himself, comes out of the pool and as he is going to pickup his towel, a black boy aged four or five dollar bill years rushes besides him towards the pool. Soon father of the young boy runs towards him and shouts at him as other discolor guests are watching Now what did I tell you about going in that pool You receipt youre not allowed in there (Far From Heaven) Boy is taken away forcefully and he begins to cry.Though he has Just been on the first step of the pool yet pool gets emptied within few moments. The atmosphere gets tighten and further increases when one white lady hysterically orders her daughter to immediately come out of the pool. When the daughter asks the reason, she retorts Because I said so (Far From Heaven). This scene hows the limit to which Americans are frightened of the blacks, and are extremely afraid of their black bodies the bodies that can cause infection.This misconception is so beautifully and realistically portrayed that it shows the extent to which people are engrossed in the racism and their prejudice that they can be easily carried away with the delusion that black bodies are contaminated and thus they cannot even share the pool with them. The camera shifts between Cathys perspective who is looking at out of the pool, and then moves straight on to the Cathy herself to make the audience ignifying a protecting cover to the feelings emanating from her heart.The whole scene becomes a minuscule of the large drama that is unfolded inside the pool illustrating Cathys futile love involution with Raymond. The stress on the black father and the white mother taming their children to remain aloof with each other is suggestive of the deeply imbedded wall that is divided between the two communities socially, psychology as well as emotionally. The scene then turns towards Frank, and camera is focused on Frank when he sees the blon d boy.At the time when the puree situation erpetuated by the racism begins to calm down, the camera moves to show the viewers Franks thoughts on racism. Close up shot is taken as camera is focused on the Franks face as he observes the automobile trunk of the black child and then of a blond teenager, both suggestive of the fact that Frank is hard to sort out this whole drama as he himself is so confused at the time. At this Juncture, Frank decides to move back into their hotel room to get Cathys book. Inside the room when he is looking at himself in the bathroom mirror, he feels somebodys presence behind him.

How Different Moral Perspectives Have Influenced

The essence of cleanity is pertain with the principles or rules of rights and harm or conforming to standards based on those principles (Dictionary. com). However differing models for living righteously, resulting from the diversity of experience, depart conflict in how they determine what these principles are. thereof, these respect up to(p) role models will hold different conceptions of ethical practice and what operate such as callowness and Community work should deliver.This essay will attempt to show the magnificence of understanding how different honorable perspectives have influenced the practice of Youth and Community work, before describing three contending ethical frameworks of deontology, consequentialism and virtue ethics assessing under what specifys, circumstances or criteria would each of these view these practices as a moral use. Morality A moral principle is essentially one that distinguishes between right and wrong behaviour.When separate holds a coh erent and compatible set of moral principles it can be considered an ethical framework, which volunteers the foundation for how bulk understand or explain social reality. Thus, it is the basis from which they choose to conduct their lives and interact with others. Such a code will be constructed from, and determined by all manner of life experiences, social environments and circumstances, and thus will vary greatly. Some of the most common ingredients that contribute towards an ethical framework are face-to-face or religious beliefs and cultural standards.The nature of Youth and Community work entails working closely with in both individual and group settings, where diversity of these moral set is inevitable. Different moral perspectives will inevitably emphasise different roles and purposes for these projects and organisations. As informal educators, there are no ready-made guidelines on what constitutes true(p) and bad practice instead practitioners will have a set of core values that they essay towards (Jeffs and Smith 2005).However, it is important, to understand different conceptions of what moral practice entails in methodicalness achieve social inclusion, become practice and inter someoneal skills. Deontology Blackburn argues these premises of a deontological approach to morality guard us to thoughts about what is due, they take us to demands (2001 60). The framework asserts that social reality is objective and the capacity for benignant autonomy is limited by the recurring pattern of humans behaviour that determines the nature of human action (Parker, 2000 125).Thus, the perspective is have-to doe with notions of justice rights and duty or responsibility (Blackburn 2001 88) to act in accordance with rules, as the rightness of an action is implicit in(p) and independent of the consequences it brings about. To illustrate, the killing an innocent man would be wrong because he is innocent, not because of the pain and thought of loss that his loved ones will experience. This concept can be primarily accredited to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a key figure in the development of early deontological thought.As a rationalist, Kant argued that the moral value of human behaviour can be revealed a priori or through pure intellectual reason. Thus, as these principles are theoretically available to all, regardless of personal circumstance, they must have a universal applicability, which leads Kant to an essential condition for moral action, the categorical imperative Act only on the maxim whereby thou can at the same time wish it to become a universal law. (Kant 1785 2003 6) Taylor (1975) contends that for this each individual would treat others as ends, rather than a means and that it must be self-imposed by the will of each person.However the interest ethics of Machiavelli, Hobbs and Burke also accommodate power as an inevitable factor of human interaction and organisation. They argue that the nature of humanity is inhe rently weak and immoral, claiming that governing minority is postulate in order to maintain the social structure and order. Therefore a hierarchical system of prevail where policies of institutions cohere is the most appropriate method in assuring the smooth running of society and the moral development and self control of its citizens.Agents accept the legitimacy of the elite as their moral authority ought to be greater than that of any or all the subjects (Hobbes 1651 1996 128). In line with this perspective, deontologists would measure all human activity against its capacity for the common good of society, adopting a conservative space regarding community initiatives and actively oppose those Youth and Community organisations that aim to bring about radical change, as this would upset established social and ratified structures causing social unrest and uncertainty (Sanderson et al 2006).Professional workers would ideally be upstanding members of society, holding a higher tra in of ethical awareness than citizens as they are in a position of power. Workers would be expected to adhere to an externally set code of practice as this was their duty owed to the helper user, the profession and the employing organisation (Banks 2006 125). These would be prescribed by institutions, meaning an intrinsic duty to instil the values of the state in the serve users they worked with encouraging them to fall in line with the status quo.Hence projects aiming to determine out young offence, drug addiction or teenage pregnancy would all be morally operable as they emphasise conformity rather than value deviation. Consequentialism Consequentialism is a system of ethics distinguishes right from wrong action purely on the basis of the effects it has The moral value of any action always lies in its consequences, and it is by reference to these consequences that actions, and indeed such things as institutions, law and practices are to be justify if they can be justified at all (Smart and Williams 1973 79).Social reality is well-kept objective and scientifically explainable, however the individual is regarded as autonomous and independent and thus is able to make rational speculations as to whether an action will lead to good or ill. The approach adheres with the utilitarian principle of striving for the greatest happiness for the greatest number (Blackburn 2001 86), where a moral action involves maximising the good outcomes for all those involved. joy corresponds to different types of hedonism, where pleasure and pain are the cardinal measures of good and bad as John Stewart pulverization argues desiring a thing and finding it pleasant are one and the same thing (Blackburn 2001 88). Within the article of belief there are several contending models act utilitarianism involves assessing the consequences of both individual act, whereas rule utilitarianism involves setting laws that adhere with this principle.Finally, discernment utilitariansim In ad dition, the perspective adheres to Machiavellis claim that humans are naturally wicked and self-seeking (1518 1969 11112). Thus a key notion in this is that as a population will be actuate by ambitions, desires and self-interest, so to maintain social order at least some of these must count achievable. Advocates of this model therefore maintain that political liberty and economic freedom available through a democratic system and a competitive free mart provide adequate level of civilized and personal rights, resulting in pleasure, welfare and prosperity for all citizens.Thus, the market interests of individuals would take priority over local community agendas as ultimately security and freedom and therefore happiness, are available through the finis of material wealth (Sanderson et al 2006). Therefore, members holding this perspective would oppose community imperatives that hindered or constrained opportunities to make profit for self-interested groups of individuals.For them, engaging with community would be encouraged but for the purpose of forming relationships that were mutually beneficial to the market interest of those individuals involved. Thus, moral Youth and Community work would provide services for the public good. As the framework is evaluates morality on the basis of consequences, the use of measurable targets and outputs is justified in order to be able to assess if an agency is delivering effective practice. Virtue EthicsIt has been argued that these principle-based models place too much emphasis on specific actions (Banks 2006 54). Both the previous theories focus on the concept of objective morality which is essentially concerned with setting a base line for ethics where individuals are simply required to meet this level to act morally. Conversely, Virtue based ethics accommodates takes a far more optimistic view of human nature than deontology or consequentalism, choosing to focus on the characteristics of the agent rather than behaviour s.Virtues can be described as idealised goals or aspirations for good conduct which give direction for ethical human behaviour and provide an alternative and superior motivation than simply instinct. Aristotle, the founder of virtue theory, argued that all experiences were equal in that every individual had the capacity to infer virtues from their indispensable experience. In abet, Tam (199819) has explained that this universal potential for any individual to behave morally means that that community values, goals and duties are not things to be defined by elite.Banks has foster argued that regulations are becoming increasingly irrelevant as they are based on professionals definition of values without consultation with service users. The perspective emphasises a theme of natural behaviour aiming to align social norms with virtuous principles, however Aristotle maintained the need for laws to effectively allow humans to move progressively towards these, where education and practice can support the cultivating of virtue through the supreme human capacity of reason (Blackburn 200196).As virtue ethics does not consider the consequences of an action, there is no specified standard for any individual to objectively achieve. Instead, the focus is on the social nature of the self (Blackburn 2001 97), where it is the community members responsibility to find agreed meanings of subjective concepts of rightness through interaction and debate with others, developing a incorporated understanding of social reality.Hence, moral relativity between groups is accommodated within virtue ethics, as negotiation of community agendas will inevitably vary. Furthermore, the suggested selfish or self-interested nature of humanity proposed by the previous two doctrines can be surpassed due to this collective nature and process of developing ones morality, where happiness or flourishing is achieved through upholding these values.With prise to Youth and Community work, this moral frame work would focus on training and cultivating the appropriate virtues required for the job, maintaining that, eyepatch actions are more reliable and measurable, it is also of vital importance that professionals display certain traits in character. Thus, workers would responsible not for specific outputs, rather if they did not act as a virtuous worker would. Banks (2006 55) has suggested ordinary virtues of a worker would include courage, integrity, honesty and loyalty however this is far from exhaustive.Strong parallels can be drawn between the core values of Youth and Community work and concept of professional virtues, thus, these would be regarded with particular importance. The model also justifies a professional community where these values would be debated and negotiated in order to maintain a consensus code of ethics. Finally the approach would support the progressive and continuous education and renewal of deviant community members, unless this is unachievable, in the case of psychopaths for example.Referenceshttp//www.infed.org/foundations/w-inf7.htm

Strategic Management in Non Profit Making Organization

Introduction Strategic Management is the process by which managers marque the choice of a set of strategies that will enable it to achieve better performance. The context of strategical prudence can be outlined as the societal role of the make-up, environmental, technological and human resource factors. With changes in a context, a unique set of managerial constraints arise (Stevens & McGowan, 1983). Context influences the nature of managerial mien the actions of a manager in arriving at a decision regarding how to deal with a given context.The mode that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization and expertise of planners. The not-for-profit sector is extremely diverse in terms of the organizations it encompasses and the work it undertakes. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the creation and consolidation of non-pro fit organizations of various sizes, with diverse objectives and different scopes of action.More much than not, these organizations atomic heel 18 managed by individuals who atomic number 18 dedicated or committed to the companys goals but have not had the opportunity to undergo specific training for this purpose. There are diverse types of non-profit organizations glob ally e. g. hospitals, favorable, cultural and political organizations. close of the NGOs startups will usually come up with a strategy formulation paper which will exist of the vision, goals and objectives, implementation strategies and the budgets. This is because most of them are funded through grants and donations which will usually require a well do funds mobilization proposal.Related essay Support Positive Risk Taking For IndividualsHowever, most of them are less likely to engage in procedural strategic management implementation as a formal exercise. Also, these organizations are less likely to exhibit the features of a sound strategic plan as follows Whereas one of the features of strategic planning is the long term nature of these plans, most of the non-profit organizations tend to be managed to a greater extent on a short-term operational basis rather than in a strategic smell. second strategy formulation takes into account the customers and competitor behavior.For nonprofit organizations, the influence of their clients or customers is often limited. These organizations will normally decide what is best for their clientele/customers and implement. Whereas strategic management is dynamic and continuous, most NPO arent very sensory(a) to changes. They are comfortable in their current positions and transformation is quite an uphill task for them. Most of them brandish on tradeoffs between efficiency/productivity vis a vis processes. They are mostly driven by their social and community focus and appeal much to the conscience. This in turn stifles innovation and productivity and may encumber the decision making process. However, this will also be determined by the leadership elbow room of the leader. . Requirements for strategic planning in non-profit corporate strategies Non profit organizations, just as for business organizations, can and should be designed to bring success and avoid sorrow. This can be done by capitalizing on the strongest capabilities of the non-profit organization in question, and exploiting the greatest opportunities, while reducing risk associated with organizational weaknesses, and environmental threats.This shared under stand up of the overall strategic situation of the organization gives a sound basis for strategic decision making. The primary requirement for an overall non-profit organization set of strategies is that they should be developed to cover two main dimensions, bringing success and avoiding failure when things go wrong. Non-profit strategies must give the organization a very good chance of hitting the bottom for satisfactory performance and even exceeding it. At the same time, strategic planning nonprofit style must not expose the particular rganization to such risks that its performance might fall below to that considered to be failure. Additionally strategic planning in non profit must have a set of strategies that pile up these requirements- Make full use of all the organizations most impressive strengths. Correct or neutralize all major weaknesses. It must not be based on these weaknesses. Either eliminate or snip the impact of all the major threats. Exploit any highly rated opportunity for enhancing non-profit performance. Be strictly practical and applicable to the precise strategic situation of the particular non-profit organization, and hopefully be Imaginative in the sense of being able to engage staff in implementation, and stand out among similar non-profit organizations in roughly way, and not be a pale imitation of what everyone else is doing, so as to strengthen the community standing of the organization and its non-profit mission. The following are some of the strategic contexts for non-profit organizations. (i) Governorship The not-for-profit organizations are not governed by organic uprightness (constitutions).Top management teams are empowered by the corporate charter to engage in strategy implementation. A direct link between strategy formulation and implementation and the active involvement of all relevant parties throughout the process is deemed to be essential to effective private sector policy making. (ii) Openness to outdoor(a) Environment Not-for-profit organizations even though open to the external environment, the chief executives or board directors may sack contributions into policy formulation and implementation processes from the various stakeholders.Failure to consider such contributions does not necessarily put their careers into risk, uncomplete the legitimacy nor the credibility of the organization. (iii)Clearly def ined goals Not-for-profit organizations generally operate within the framework of a limited number of relatively stable goals such as growth, profitability or market share. As (Peters & Waterman, 1982) noted, the top managements of more effective organizations appear to focus their attention on a limited set of clearly defined objectives. (iv) Cultural orientation Strategy formulation is largely affected by culture in non-profit organizations.Informal processes are used for example an outstanding performer awarded a bonus in a not-for-profit organization is certain well and does not attract bickering from other staff. (v) Human Resource Strategies In non-profit organizations, the personnel dodge is not based on merit. Employment, reward and advancement are done haphazardly thus creating a dependency relationship between the junior and senior staff. (vi) Separation of functional authority Not-for-profit organizations do not have a separation of functional authority like in the publ ic sector.The organizations may be run by the directors who have founded them. The directors make day to day decisions and could even head departments in the organization. (vii) marketing Strategies for non profit organization Website platform. Social media Brand enthusiasm raw(a)sletters Creative Viral Programs Monitring. REFERENCES Peters, T. J. , & Waterman, R. H. (1982). In Search of Excellence. New York Harper & Row. Stevens, J. M. , & McGowan, J. R. (1983). Managerial Strategies in Municipal government Organizations. Academy of Management Journal.

Dry Bones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dry Bones - Essay ExampleIt would also come out that this subject may have been a victim of an accident with the hole occurring in the frontal lobe which is only when under the browline. This person could also have been a subject of a lobotomy with respect to psychiatrical assessment to deal with dementia. The shoulder blader spine differences where the spine supports the acromion process it divides the posterior surface of the scapula into a supraspinatous fossa and an infraspinatous fossa which may mean that this person was a deformed person finished the shoulder bone malformities.Judging from the size of the femur bone, which gives us the approximate height of the person, being great(p) or child, it would seem that this was of an adolescent and quite possible pre-pubescent based on the narrow pelvis and result being small means that this was a female subject prior to any childbirth. Since the bone niggardliness is heavy, this subject has not been afflicted with any forms of osteoporosis which generally happens upon the onset of middle age or for women, during menopause.

TRS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TRS - Essay ExampleLuke wrote ab out(p) the early Christian leadership development in the prototypal seven chapters of Acts of the Apostles. The focus is majorly on Jesus teachings, the spread of the Gospel, and the events that were experienced in Galilee and Judea. As church leaders and more so the Apostles spread the gospel, they experienced hardships such as persecutions, incorporation of foreigners, maintaining distant followers, and issues of church leadership and policies. 2. Controversies about Gentile Christians The great hostility in the early church was about whether or not Christianity had to be simply another division of Judaism. The focus was on the missionary expansion of Gentiles from Antioch. The issue was fundamentally the basis on which Gentiles were to be admitted to the church and the whole issue of human salvation, whether Gentiles or Jews were at stake. The whimsey to resolve this controversy was for people to acknowledge the grace of God in Christ as the repair basis for faith and salvation as the only necessity from the human side. It was also suggested that gentiles respect the attitudes of their brethrens in Christ. At the end of all these, the Church was freed from being a sect in Judaism, and could expand freely as a unit throughout Europe (Saward 67). 3. Arius belief about Jesus and the controversy around this Arius believed that God and Jesus were not really of the same substance. His belief was in the ontological and the eternal functional subordination of Jesus to God that the son was lower than the father and that he was created ahead time. At first, the early church was not sure of how to respond to Aryanism. Athanasius responded by claiming that Jesus was eternally begotten from God and thus they have the same essence. Bishop Alexander left the controversy to go on until he finally came to perceive that it was endangering peaceful co-existence in the church. A local council of Bishops was called upon to resolve the co ntroversy, who decided against these teachings as surface as depositing Arius from office and excommunicating his followers. In 325 AD, Constantine took a step to form a council inclusive of church prelates from the Roman Empire to solve the controversy. With Constantines influence, most of the bishops settled on the Nicene Creed that had the confines homoousios referring to one in essence, with the meaning contrary to that of Arius. The Nicene Creed circular was distributed in churches to make Christians aware. 4. effects of the sacrament of baptism to the call, according to the early Christians According to Saward (104), in the 3rd and 4th centuries, the early church baptized using the immersion method. They believed that this sacrament forgave sins. To them, in the name of the Father, the son, and the holy Spirit, their sins were washed away by water. Baptism also made one a believer, and whoever refused the sacrament was condemned as an unbeliever. Moreover, baptism was a si gn that people were destined to abye and could receive remission of sins, were regenerated, get born again, and were blessed by God. 5. Rabbi Abraham Heschels theological understanding of the Sabbath Rabbi Abraham Heschel Viewed the Sabbath as not a healthy rest period aimed at preventing burn-out and a way to carry out productive chores neither is it equivalent to sleep. On this day, the nature of time is disclosed as